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The Exxon-Valdez, which carried 1.2 million barrels of oil, ran onto the ground in order to avoid collision with a glacier in 1989, which led to the spilling of 257,000 barrels in the narrows and several surrounding beaches. Though the exact reason is unknown (a drunk captain or a disobedient ship's mate), it took Exxon $2.1 billion; 10,000 people, 1,000 boats, and over four years to clean up the spill. The spill caused the death of 100,000 to 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 12 river otters, 300 harbor seals, 247 bald eagles, and 22 orcas, apart from killing billions of salmon and herring eggs.