siliconindia | | SEPTEMBER 20259Case Study 2: Google's Implementation of PQC in ChromeOverview: Google has been proactive in integrating PQC into its products to safeguard user data against quantum threats. Google introduced the ML-KEM standard into its cryptography library, BoringSSL, which is used by the Chrome browser, as part of this effort.Implementation: The integration of ML-KEM to BoringSSL will enable Chrome to implement hybrid key exchange schemes, which include a mixture of standard elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) and post-quantum algorithms. This two-fold strategy would make sure that data sent through Chrome is not vulnerable even when quantum computers achieve the ability to crack the existing encryption techniques.Outcome: By adopting PQC standards, Google has improved the security of its browser, which will offer the user a stronger defense against the possible quantum attacks. This will serve as a model to other technology firms as they prepare to face a quantum-safe future.The Challenges AheadWhy is PQC adoption so slow?The answer lies in complexity. Post-quantum algorithms are heavier than today's, they use larger keys, bigger signatures, and more computation.For example, a Cisco analysis notes that a PQC TLS handshake (hybrid with Kyber) can increase latency by up to 30% on slower networks (though on high-bandwidth links the impact is usually under 5%). Similarly, lattice-based schemes like Dilithium incur more CPU work, and some code-based schemes have public keys hundreds of kilobytes long - far larger than RSA or ECC keys. These factors strain bandwidth, storage and power, especially in mobile or IoT devices.Other hurdles are organizational. Upgrading to PQC requires overhauling core infrastructure HSMs, TLS libraries, VPNs, and embedded devices and often running systems in hybrid mode (old + new algorithms) for years. Crypto agility is key, systems must quickly swap algorithms via updates.Experts recommend crypto audits, inventorying all cryptographic assets, piloting PQC in non-critical areas, and gradual rollout. Regulatory and financial mandates (GDPR, NIS2, EU DORA) increasingly expect quantum readiness. The transition is complex, so starting early is critical years before Q-Day is better than too late.Wrapping It Up!Quantum computing is not a distant threat it is a ticking clock. Post-quantum cryptography is not just new mathematics, it is the new foundation of digital trust. The quantum era isn't waiting, organizations that act now will shape a secure future, while those that delay risk building on broken ground.
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